氮化铝薄膜及复合体波谐振器

为了在超高频范围内对基模振荡器进行控制和运用滤波器,开展了对于小型体波谐振器的基本材料和器件特性的研究。本文报道了氮化铝(ALN)在构成复合谐振器几何形状和边缘支撑型晶片结构方面的性能。 ALN薄膜是在直流平板磁控管溅镀装置中,用中间电极溅射出来的AL和等离子气体中的N_2之间的等离子体反应生成的。一般溅镀条件是:溅镀压力=1×10~(-3)毛,空气含氮量=99.999％基片温度=200℃,直流功率-225瓦,溅镀率=1.2微米/小时。ALN薄膜的品质用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射法和奥格(Auger)电子分光镜进行鉴定。检测结果说明,溅镀的ALN薄膜具有严格的晶向结构,其C轴垂直于Si(硅)基片表面。对于由1.7微米ALN薄膜和8微米Si基片组成的谐振器,测出的基频串联谐振频率为328.53兆赫,基频并联谐振频率为328.61兆赫。这种规格谐振器的Q值约有7500,它在-20℃至+120℃范围内的实测温度系数约为-4×10~(-8)/℃。对于具有1.7微米ALN薄膜和6微米Si基片的谐振器,实测的温度系数是-6×10~(-6)/℃。这种规格谐振器的Q值约为5000,它的基频串联谐振频率是524.11兆赫,而基频并联谐振频率是524.45兆赫。应用微电子半导体加工技术,已经制成了边缘支撑型ALN晶片。晶片厚度为1.0至7微米,面积约为300平方微米。这种晶片是边缘支撑型的,这与以前报道的底膜支撑型薄膜是不相同的。厚度为6.5微米的典型ALN晶片在790兆赫附近产生基模谐振,耦合系数为10.3％。在-20℃至120℃范围内测得的温度系数可达到-20.5×10~(-6)/℃。目前,已按外延特性制造出具有水平C轴的氧化锌ZnO晶片。这种晶片显示出切变波谐振特性,这意味着晶片有很高的谐振Q和比较简单的模式结构。     

CELSS nutrition system utilizing snails

At the 40th IAF Congress in Malaga, a nutrition system for a lunar base CELSS was presented. A lunar base with a total of eight crew members was envisaged. In this paper, four species of plants--rice, soybean, lettuce and strawberry--were introduced to the system. These plants were sufficient to satisfy fundamental nutritional needs of the crew members. The supply of nutrition from plants and the human nutritional requirements could almost be balanced. Our study revealed that the necessary plant cultivation area per crew member would be nearly 40 m3 in the lunar base. The sources of nutrition considered in the study were energy, sugar, fat, amino acids, inorganic salt and vitamins; however, calcium, vitamin B2, vitamin A and sodium were found to be lacking. Therefore, a subsystem to supply these elements is of considerable value. In this paper, we report on a study for breeding snails and utilizing meat as food. Nutrients supplied from snails are shown to compensate for the above mentioned lacking elements. We evaluate the snail breeder and the associated food supply system as a subsystem of closed ecological life support system.     

Leg venous hemodynamics and leg volumes during a 42 day -6 degrees head-down bedrest

Seven healthy subjects were submitted to a 42-day head down bedrest, where leg venous compliance (venous distensibity index VDI) and leg volumes were assessed by mercury strain gauge plethysmography with venous occlusion and optoelectronic plethysmography, respectively. Plethysmographic and volometric measurements were made, before, during (at days 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 26, 34 and 41), and after bedrest (days 1, 4, 7, 11 and 30 of the recovery period). Results showed a continuous decrease in leg volumes throughout bedrest, when VDI increased until day 26 of bedrest, and then decreased afterwards. The recovery period was characterized by a rapid return of VDI to prebedrest levels while leg volumes progressively normalised. These results showed that leg venous compliance changes are not always dependant upon skeletal muscle changes, and that factors other than size of muscle compartment are able to determine increases in leg venous compliance during long-term bedrest.     

Spatial orientation during locomotion [correction of locomation] following space flight

To investigate changes in spatial orientation ability and walking performance following space flight, 7 astronaut subjects were asked pre- and post-flight to perform a goal directed locomotion paradigm which consisted of walking a triangular path with and without vision. This new paradigm, involving inputs from different sensory systems, allows quantification of several critical parameters, like orientation performance, walking velocities and postural stability, in a natural walking task. The paper presented here mainly focusses on spatial orientation performance quantified by the errors in walking the previously seen path without vision. Errors in length and reaching the corners did not change significantly from pre- to post-flight, while absolute angular errors slightly increased post-flight. The significant decrease in walking velocity and a change in head-trunk coordination while walking around the corners of the path observed post-flight may suggest that during re-adaptation to gravity the mechanisms which are necessary to perform the task have to be re-accomplished.     

Influence of graviceptives cues at different level of visual information processing: the effect of prolonged weightlessness

We evaluated the influence of prolonged weightlessness on the performance of visual tasks in the course of the Russian-French missions ANTARES, Post-ANTARES and ALTAIR aboard the MIR station. Eight cosmonauts were subjects in two experiments executed pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight sessions.

In the first experiment, cosmonauts performed a task of symmetry detection in 2-D polygons. The results indicate that this detection is locked in a head retinal reference frame rather than in an environmentally defined one as meridional orientations of symmetry axis (vertical and horizontal) elicited faster response times than oblique ones. However, in weightlessness the saliency of a retinally vertical axis of symmetry is no longer significantly different from an horizontal axis. In the second experiment, cosmonauts performed a mental rotation task in which they judged whether two 3-D objects presented in different orientations were identical. Performance on this task is basically identical in weightlessness and normal gravity.     

Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a countermeasure for long term spaceflight

The article presents the current status of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a countermeasure for preventing orthostatic intolerance after space flight or bed rest. Devices discussed include the Chibis vacuum suit, the Anthrorack device, a collapsible device, and an inflatable device. Two bed rest studies examined the effect of LBNP and exercise on orthostatic tolerance; plasma volume; vasopressin, plasma renin activity, and catecholamines; and side effects.     

高水平的MD-95驾驶舱

麦道公司将用6个一排的平板显示器来提高其MD-95运输机标准驾驶舱的技术水平,以便提高其调度可靠性、降低维修费用及减少航空公司所需的备件。新系统基于霍尼韦尔公司的通用综合航空电子系统(VIA2000)结构,将把显示、飞行管理、中央声音告警和飞行数据采集功能综合在一对VIA计算机中。     

气固紊流剪切流中颗粒弥散的拉格朗日模拟

本文提出了一种对于气固两相紊流剪切流中圆形固体颗粒弥散的拉格朗日拟计算方法，其中考虑了颗粒间的磁撞对流体相和颗料相的影响，应用该方法对一气固紊流剪切流场进行了模拟计算，并对有、无颗粒间磁撞情况下的模拟计算结果与Lavieville用大涡模拟方法的研究结果进行了比较，并进行了讨论。     

实用计算机流体力学在外挂物分离方面的应用—状态报告

文章叙述了实用计算流体力学在外挂物分离方面的应用。内容包括：1．评估轨迹所使用的计算流体力学和轨迹综合方法；2．生成计算网格的方法和所需资源；3．评估挂架载荷和在计算的轨迹上的外挂物的位置和姿态、以及离机距离与时间的关系；4．评估计算流体动力学过程所使用的参数，包括收敛速率、人工－小时和网格生成所需时间、所使用的计算机资源和对复制结果所需的人员技能。     

单晶铝纳米级硬度试验研究

使用纳米硬度计对单晶铝进行了纳米压痕试验，利用原子力显微镜对压痕形貌进行扫描并计算硬度值，重点观察和分析了纳米级条件下单晶铝的硬度性质，结果表明，当压痕深度小于2000nm时，单晶铝纳米硬度存在尺寸效应现象；从材料性质的角度分析了纳米硬度尺寸效应现象；探讨了纳米硬度和传统硬度本质上的区别，指出其根本原因在于不同尺度下人们对材料性质的关注点不同。